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He is best known for inventing the Armenian alphabet c. The former is considered by most scholars to be the original. While Koriun , his chief biographer, only refers to him as Mashtots, Movses Khorenatsi [ f ] and later Armenian historiography predominantly calls him Mesrop. Russell , Mashtots was his primary name, while Mesrop a secondary one, "possibly an epithet.
The etymologies of both Mesrop and Mashtots have been widely debated. In his authoritative dictionary of Armenian names, Hrachia Acharian described Mashtots to be of uncertain origin. There is more agreement about Mesrop. Acharian considered it to be of unknown origin, but noted that it is usually thought to have originated from "serovbe", Armenian for " seraph ", a word of Biblical Hebrew origin.
The date of birth of Mashtots is not well-established, but recent scholarship accepts Some scholars believe he was affiliated with the Mamikonian dynasty since Taron was their feudal domain. Others suggest he may have belonged to the lesser nobility or reject his noble origin at all. Mashtots, thus, may have been a second cousin to Catholicos Sahak Partev.
Acharian outright rejected this theory, [ 66 ] but it has been cited by Elizabeth Redgate. Russell writes that Mashtots' father was "probably a member of the Mamikonean clan. Another point of contention is whether Mashtots was a student of Nerses the Great , [ 68 ] first mentioned by Khorenatsi. He, thereafter, became an ascetic hermit to live in the mountains and uninhabited areas.
He begin his first mission in Goghtn around Koryun , his pupil and biographer, [ 82 ] writes that Mashtots received a good education and was versed in the Greek and Persian languages. On account of his piety and learning, Mesrop was appointed secretary to King Khosrov IV , in charge of writing royal decrees and edicts in Persian and Greek. Leaving the court, Mashtots took the holy orders and withdrew to a monastery with a few companions, leading a life of great austerity for several years.
In , with the blessing of Sahak Part'ev , Mashtots set out on a proselytizing mission. With the support of Prince Shampith, he preached the Gospel in the district of Goghtn near the river Araxes , converting many. Encouraged by the patriarch and the king, Mesrop founded numerous schools in different parts of the country, in which the youth were taught the new alphabet.
He himself taught at the Amaras monastery of the Armenian province of Artsakh located in the contemporary Martuni region of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Provided with letters from the Catholicos, he went to Constantinople and obtained from emperor Theodosius the Younger permission to preach and teach in his Armenian possessions.
Having returned to Eastern Armenia to report to the patriarch, his first thought was to provide religious literature for his countrymen. He sent some of his numerous disciples to Edessa , Constantinople, Athens , Antioch , Alexandria , and other centers of learning, to study the Greek language and bring back the masterpieces of Greek literature.
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The first monument of Armenian literature is the version of the Holy Scriptures. Isaac, says Moses of Chorene, made a translation of the Bible from the Syriac text about This work was considered imperfect, for soon afterwards John of Egheghiatz and Joseph of Baghin were sent to Edessa to translate the Scriptures. They journeyed as far as Constantinople and brought back authentic copies of the Greek text with them.
With the help of other copies obtained from Alexandria, the Bible was translated again from the Greek according to the text of the Septuagint and Origen 's Hexapla. This version, now in use in the Armenian Church, was completed about Basil , though retaining characteristics of its own. Many works of the Greek Fathers were also translated into Armenian.
The loss of the Greek originals has given some of those versions a special importance; thus, the second part of Eusebius 's Chronicle, of which only a few fragments exist in Greek, has been preserved entirely in Armenian. In the midst of his literary labors, Mashtots revisited the districts he had evangelized in his earlier years, and, after the death of Isaac in , looked after the spiritual administration of the patriarchate.
He survived his friend and master by only six months. Armenians read his name in the Canon of the Liturgy and celebrate his memory on 19 February. Mashtots is buried at a chapel in Oshakan , a historical village 8 km 5. Armenia lost its independence in and was divided between the Byzantine Empire and Persia, which received about four-fifths of its territory.
Western Armenia was governed by Byzantine generals, while an Armenian king ruled as Persian vassal over eastern Armenia. The principal events of this period are the reinvention of the Armenian alphabet , the revision of the liturgy, the creation of an ecclesiastical and national literature, and the revision of hierarchical relations.
Three men are prominently associated with this work: Mashtots, Part'ev, and King Vramshapuh , who succeeded his brother Khosrov IV in Armenians probably had an alphabet of their own, as historical writers reference an "Armenian alphabet" before Mashtots, [ 83 ] [ 84 ] but used Greek , Persian , and Syriac scripts to translate Christian texts, none of which was well suited for representing the many complex sounds of their native tongue.
The Holy Scriptures and the liturgy were, to a large extent, unintelligible to the faithful and required the intervention of translators and interpreters. Mashtots was assisted in inventing an Armenian writing system by Sahak and Vramshapuh. The first sentence in Armenian written down by Mesrop after he invented the letters was the opening line of Solomon's Book of Proverbs :.
The reinvention of the alphabet around was crucial for Armenian literature and was significant in the creation of a separate idea of Armenian language and what was connected to it. Martin, [ 85 ] "was to separate for ever the Armenians from the other peoples of the East, to make of them a distinct nation, and to strengthen them in the Christian Faith by forbidding or rendering profane all the foreign alphabetic scripts which were employed for transcribing the books of the heathens and of the followers of Zoroaster.
To Mesrop we owe the preservation of the language and literature of Armenia; but for his work, the people would have been absorbed by the Persians and Syrians, and would have disappeared like so many nations of the East". Medieval Armenian sources also claim that Mashtots invented the Georgian and Caucasian Albanian alphabets around the same time.
Most scholars link the creation of the Georgian script to the process of Christianization of Iberia , a core Georgian kingdom of Kartli. Modern Armenian scholarship recognizes Mashtots as the founder of Armenian literature and education [ 19 ] [ 59 ] and as the "greatest enlightener and first teacher" of the Armenian people. Russell describes Mashtots as "the culture-hero of Armenian civilization.
Smith noted that Mashtots, with his invention, helped "convert and unite Armenians as a chosen people. Koriun, his biographer, compared Mashtots' return to Armenia after the invention of the alphabet to Moses ' descent from Mount Sinai. In his book on Mashtots, the historian Leo called him the greatest of all of Armenia's historical heroes [ ] and contrasted the continued legacy of Mashtots with the legacy of Tigranes the Great 's brief empire.
Soviet Armenian historiography portrayed Mashtots as a secular figure, in line with the official Marxist-Leninist interpretation of history. Hakob Manandian argued in a pamphlet that although the invention of the Armenian alphabet by Mashtots was primarily aimed at spreading Christianity, in the long-run it was also politically significant. Armenians entered the "family of ancient cultured peoples" and developed an original culture and rich literature.
At the height of the Karabakh movement in , Rafayel Ishkhanian characterized Mesrop Mashtots as "our most genuine, our greatest independentist [ Mashtots also produced a number of liturgical compositions. Mashtots is a saint of the Armenian Apostolic and Armenian Catholic churches. Mesrop, Sts. Mesrop and Sahak or the Holy Translators.
The Armenian Apostolic Church has two major days of feast dedicated to Mashtots.
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It was declared a national holiday in The second, the Feast of Sahak and Mashtots, is celebrated on the 33rd day after the Pentecost , on Thursdays, between June 11 and July It was on this feast that pilgrimages to Mashtots' grave in Oshakan were made until the midth century. The Armenian Apostolic Church celebrated the th anniversary of the Armenian alphabet in —13 [ ] and the th anniversary of the birth of Mashtots in In May the th anniversary of the birth of Mashtots was marked with "massive official celebrations" in Soviet Armenia , which had a "powerful impact on Armenian national pride.
In a speech at the Yerevan Opera Theater , Soviet Armenian Prime Minister Anton Kochinyan proclaimed that it was the Soviet government that made "Mesropian literature the property of the whole nation and opened the alphabet for every Armenian child. The Order of St. Mesrop Mashtots , awarded for "outstanding achievements" in science, education, healthcare, and culture, [ ] was established by the Armenian government in Mesrop award was established by the Armenian Church in Mashtots and the Matenadaran were featured on the 1, Armenian dram banknote of the first series, put into ciculation in The widest street in central Yerevan, called Stalin, then Lenin Avenue in the Soviet period, was renamed after Mashtots in Institutions named after Mashtots include the Matenadaran , [ ] the central library of Stepanakert , [ ] the Mashtots Chair in Armenian Studies at Harvard University , [ ] the Mesrop Center for Armenian Studies at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , [ ] a number of schools and universities in Armenia, [ ] Artsakh [ ] and educational and cultural institutions in the Armenian diaspora.
No contemporary portraits of Mashtots have been found.
Biography of farrah fawcett: Mesrop Mashtots (listen ⓘ; Armenian: Մեսրոպ Մաշտոց, Mesrop Maštoc' [a] – February 17, AD) was an Armenian linguist, composer, theologian, statesman, and hymnologist in the Sasanian Empire. He is venerated as a saint in the Armenian Apostolic Church.
The first artistic depictions appeared in Armenian illuminated manuscripts miniatures , primarily in sharakans and haysmavurks , starting from the 14th century. These manuscripts, around 20 in total were created in Constantinople , Etchmiadzin , Sanahin , Haghpat and elsewhere, depict Mashtots with a halo. Stepanos Nersissian 's painting of Mashtots, commissioned by a wealthy Armenian from Elisabethpol , [ ] is considered the most widely recognized artistic depiction of Mashtots.
The most recognizable statue of Mashtots, depicted with his disciple and biographer Koriun, is located in front of the Matenadaran and was erected by Ghukas Chubaryan in Statues, busts and sculptures of Mashtots have been erected in the Armenian diaspora , including in historical communities such as at the seminary in Jerusalem's Armenian Quarter , the library of the Vank Cathedral in New Julfa , Isfahan, Iran, [ ] the Melkonian Educational Institute in Nicosia , Cyprus [ ] and in newly-established communities, such as on the Armenian Cathedral of Moscow [ ] [ ] and in Alfortville , Paris Peeters, Paulus.
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Learn more about citation styles Citation styles Encyclopedia. More From encyclopedia. Mashin, Draga. Manasseh B. Mashash, Shlomo. Mashantucket Pequot Gaming Enterprise Inc. Although the jury ruled that AEG was not responsible for his death, the legal battles surrounding Jackson's legacy continued to create headlines in the years following his death.
Michael Jackson, the King of Pop, left an indelible mark on the music industry and popular culture before his untimely death in His memorial service, held on July 7, , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, was attended by approximately 17, fans, while an estimated 1 billion people watched the event worldwide. The heartfelt tributes from family, friends, and fellow artists highlighted his immense talent and the profound impact he had on millions around the globe.
Memorials have been erected in his honor, serving as reminders of the joy and music he brought to countless lives. Following his passing, Jackson's legacy continued to thrive, with several posthumous projects and tributes honoring his contributions to music and the arts. Documentaries like "This Is It," which showcased his final concert rehearsals, offered fans a glimpse of what could have been.
Even years after his death, Jackson remains a force in the entertainment industry, inspiring future generations of artists and fans alike. Michael Jackson, often referred to as the 'King of Pop," is renowned for his remarkable contributions to the music industry as a singer, songwriter, and dancer. He gained fame as the lead singer of the Jackson 5 and later achieved monumental success as a solo artist, particularly with his groundbreaking album "Thriller," which remains one of the best-selling albums of all time.
Michael Jackson's discography includes several iconic albums, with "Thriller" being the most celebrated, featuring hits like "Billie Jean" and "Beat It. Michael Jackson's legacy is marked by his influence on pop music, dance, and fashion. He broke racial barriers in the entertainment industry, transformed music videos into an art form, and set the standard for live performances.
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His philanthropic efforts and charitable contributions further cement his status as a cultural icon. Michael Jackson faced numerous controversies throughout his career, including allegations of child molestation, which became a significant part of his public narrative. Despite being acquitted of all charges in a high-profile trial, these allegations impacted his reputation and public perception, overshadowing his musical achievements in later years.
Michael Jackson passed away on June 25, , at the age of 50, due to acute propofol intoxication, which was deemed a homicide related to the actions of his personal physician, Dr. Jackson's death triggered an outpouring of grief from fans and a renewed interest in his music and legacy. He was known to be a dedicated father and often shared his love for his children with the public.
Jackson was known to have sleepovers with boys at his Neverland Ranch, but this was the first public charge of wrongdoing. The police searched the ranch, but said they found no evidence to support the claim. In the television documentary Living with Michael Jackson, British journalist Martin Bashir spent several months with the singer, even getting him to discuss his relationships with children.
Jackson admitted that he continued to have children sleep over at his ranch, even after the allegations and that sometimes he slept with the children in his bed. The two-disc album featured a greatest hits compilation on disc one and new material on disc two that included collaborations with Janet Jackson, The Notorious B. In , Jackson released Invincible , his final studio album prior to his death.
Despite debuting at No. Invincible was released as Jackson was having legal issues with Sony over the rights to his master recordings , which escalated when Jackson called Sony Music Chairman Tommy Mottola a racist who exploits Black artists. By the turn of the century, Jackson was increasingly becoming known for his eccentricities, which included wearing a surgical mask in public.
In , he received enormous criticism for dangling his baby son Blanket over a balcony while greeting fans in Berlin, Germany. I was doing something out of innocence. In , Jackson encountered more legal woes when he was arrested on charges related to incidents with a year-old boy. He faced 10 counts in total, including lewd conduct with a minor, conspiracy to commit child abduction, false imprisonment, and extortion.
The resulting trial was a media circus, with fans, detractors and camera crews surrounding the courthouse. However, the jury found problems with his testimony, as well as that of his mother. Jackson was found not guilty of all charges on June 14, The union proved to be short-lived, as they divorced in Later in , Jackson wed nurse Debbie Rowe.
When Rowe and Jackson divorced in , Michael received full custody of their two children. Jackson died on June 25, , at the age of 50, after suffering a cardiac arrest in his Los Angeles home. CPR attempts failed, and he was rushed to the hospital, where he died later that morning. Aided by his personal physician Dr. Conrad Murray , Jackson had been taking sedative drugs to help him sleep at night.
A police investigation revealed that Murray was not licensed to prescribe most controlled drugs in the state of California. The steps he took to save Jackson also came under scrutiny, as evidence showed that the standard of care for administering propofol had not been met, and the recommended equipment for patient monitoring, precision dosing, and resuscitation had not been present.
Murray was convicted of involuntary manslaughter on November 7, , receiving a four-year maximum prison sentence.