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Gale Group. Open University Press. Deviance and Social Change. Sage Publications. Evolution: The History of an Idea. University of California Press. The Roots of Coincidence. The Challenge of Chance: Experiments and Speculations.
Kammerer's Ciona Experiments". S2CID International Journal of Heritage Studies. Behavior Genetics. PMID A modern look at the controversial midwife toad experiments". Bibcode : JEZB.. No and why not". Further reading [ edit ]. Aronson, Lester Bateson, William Kammerer's Testimony to the Inheritance of Acquired Characters".
Gliboff, Sander Journal of the History of Biology. Kammerer, Paul Bibcode : Sci Koestler, Arthur Lachman, E. March Meinecke, G. Kammerer studied zoology at the Vienna University and music theory at the conservatory, beginning in Kammerer taught biology courses at a variety of places, from the university, to the Volkshochschule a system of adult-education centers , and a high school for girls.
He also traveled to give talks throughout the Austrian Empire and Germany, often to chapters of the Monist League, which was associated with Ernst Haeckel. Kammerer was said to be handsome, charismatic, and vain, and stories abound about his attractiveness to the Viennese ladies and his requited and unrequited loves. Kammerer left her to marry the painter Anna Walt around or , but returned to Dora after a short, stormy marriage and a suicide attempt.
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He and Dora had a daughter named Lacerta, after the genus of mural lizards. Kammerer also had some success in the arts. He published a book of lieder and had them performed in Vienna. Environmental Effects and Their Inheritance.
Paul kammerer biography
In , before finishing his dissertation, Kammerer went to work for Przibram at the newly founded Biologische Versuchsanstalt Institute for Experimental Biology in Vienna. This laboratory, also known as the Vivarium, after the zoological exhibition hall that previously occupied the same premises, was owned by Przibram and devoted to the new experimentalism, which Przibram wanted to apply to the widest possible range of organisms and scientific problems.
He also began doing experiments of his own and added an experimental portion to his dissertation project. After defending his dissertation in , Kammerer remained at the Vivarium to pursue a multifaceted career, combining experimental work on heredity, evolution, development, regeneration, and symbiosis with forays into evolutionary theory, and sidelines as a composer, teacher, and popular science writer and lecturer.
By manipulating their environments in the laboratory, Kammerer induced individuals of each species to take on characteristics of the other: for example, instead of the usual pattern of producing a large brood of eggs that hatched into tadpoles, S. In a follow-up study, Kammerer bred these salamanders and found that their offspring retained the modified reproductive strategies, even when reared in their original environments.
Kammerer made further demonstrations of the modifying power of the environment, using many of the other species and environments available at the Vivarium. For example, he produced color-variants in the mural lizard Lacerta by varying temperature, and he used an artificial lighting regimen to induce the blind cave salamander Proteus to develop large, functional eyes.
More controversial were the experiments in which he also bred his modified individuals and reported inheritance of the new characteristics.
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In addition to his dissertation project, these breeding experiments included several on the effects of background colors on the patterns of spots on S. Kammerer argued that in such cases the environmentally induced modification had been communicated to the chromosomes, where incipient genes were forming that would perpetuate the modification, at least partially.
Crosses between modified and unmodified stocks sometimes yielded hybrid progeny in Mendelian ratios, apparently supporting the idea that new genes were at least partially formed. Kammerer speculated that hormones might be the medium of communication that allowed the chromosomes to express themselves in the body and carried information about the body back to the chromosomes.
In any case, he argued that his experiments had vindicated the older interpretation of Darwinism that had allowed for inheritance of acquired characteristics, and undercut the neo-Darwinism of August Weismann that ruled it out. Kammerer felt he had demonstrated that there was no Weismannian barrier to communication with the hereditary material.
Most geneticists, neo-Darwinian evolutionists, and even some proponents of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Paul kammerer biography book: Paul Kammerer (17 August , in Vienna – 23 September , in Puchberg am Schneeberg) was an Austrian biologist who studied and advocated Lamarckism, the theory that organisms may pass to their offspring characteristics acquired in their lifetime, meaning variation would be directed towards creating adaptations.
In retrospect, inadvertent selection probably accounts for most of the results. Recording errors and poor environmental controls are also likely. His verbal descriptions of modified animals were vague, his drawings sketchy, his photographs fuzzy or retouched, and he had to defend himself repeatedly against accusations of unreliability and insinuations of fraud.
Human Cultural Evolution. Kammerer believed that every individual had the potential to be improved and to contribute to biological or cultural progress. Inherited musical talent, for example, could be improved by practice and passed on in slightly enhanced form to the next generation. Such effects on posterity were what made the individual and his or her upbringing and education most valuable and effective.
Education, training, and practice were not Sisyphean chores that had to be repeated entirely from scratch in every generation, as the Weismannian alternative implied. His experimental work came to a halt and his stocks of modified laboratory animals died out. Six weeks after the publication of an article in the scientific journal "Nature" exposing the falsification of his experimental results, Kammerer took his own life.
The controversy surrounding his work and the subsequent evidence of scientific misconduct likely contributed to his tragic decision. In , Kammerer had planned to move to the Soviet Union to work in his own laboratory at the Communist Academy. He bequeathed his scientific library to the Communist Academy.
Additionally, in , a fictional film titled "Salamander" was made based on Kammerer's life, featuring a screenplay by Anatoly Lunacharsky and directed by Grigory Roschal. Paul Kammerer Austrian biologist Date of Birth: Forgot password? Don't have an account? Sign in via your Institution. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Sign in with your library card Please enter your library card number.
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