Author stephen crane biography
Pinker Je 26 [ ] to Louis Senger D 4 Untitled - "Fast rode the knight" - autographed holograph ms. Untitled - "In a large vaulted hall" - holograph ms. Untitled - "Should the wide world roll away" - holograph ms. Untitled - "What? You define me God with these trinkets" - holograph ms. Townley Crane. Agnes Crane's "The Cipher Dispatches" - holograph prose ms.
Helen Crane - affidavit as executrix of J. Townley Crane's estate Mar. Baseball used by Crane at Geneva, N. Claverack Academy and Hudson River Institute - 1 illustration and advertisements with copy photographs and negatives. Snyder, Treasurer" See Crane Family - from Thomas Beer files. Frewens correspondence - photocopies of letters most from the Library of Congress.
See Harold Frederic Family. Nathan E. Boyd" - typescript with corrections.
Stallman - The Courier , Spring - typescript, author's proofs. Production records - author's proof with corrections. Production records - cover design, advertising pamphlet, illustrations list. Stallman and Lillian Gilkes, editors - production records - advertisements.
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Wells - - typescript passage from book. Woodward - The Frederic Herald , Jan. Stallman - American Literature undated. Stallman" American Literature , May - publicity. Correspondence - concerning the Jan 3, wreck of the ship Commodore. Notes on the Commodore wreck and Stephen Crane. Clippings of articles copies about the Commodore wreck, some by Stephen Crane Jan.
Photographs and illustrations related to the Commodore wreck, Stephen Crane, and correspondents in Florida during the Spanish-American War. My Stephen Crane , third revision working title: "Stephen Crane Memories and Appreciation - holograph manuscript, bound. My Stephen Crane , typescript photocopy - pp. From Candles to Footlights - production records - advertisements.
Sullivan County Sketches of Stephen Crane - production records - book covers, advertisements, illustration work. See Indexes: Index file 3 Box Correspondence, outgoing , undated - copies 3 folders. Crouse, Nellie - correspondence typescript copies. See also Index file 3 and Index file 4 in Box Extreme isolation from society and community is also apparent in Crane's work.
During the most intense battle scenes in The Red Badge of Courage , for example, the story's focus is mainly "on the inner responses of a self unaware of others". While he lived, Stephen Crane was denominated by critical readers a realist, a naturalist, an impressionist, symbolist, Symboliste , expressionist and ironist; [ ] his posthumous life was enriched by critics who read him as nihilistic, existentialist, a neo-Romantic, a sentimentalist, protomodernist, pointilliste, visionist, imagist and, by his most recent biographer, a "bleak naturalist.
As Anthony Splendora noted in , Death haunts Crane's work; it overshadows his best efforts, each of which features the signal demise of a main character. Crane's "Swede" in that story can be taken, following current psychoanalytical theory, as a surrogative, sacrificial victim. Transcending this "dark circumstance of composition," [ ] Crane had a particular telos and impetus for his creation: beyond the tautologies that all art is alterity and to some formal extent mimesis, Crane sought and obviously found "a form of catharsis" in writing.
It is possible that Crane utilized religion's formal psychic space, now suddenly available resulting from the recent "Death of God", [ ] as a milieu for his compensative art. Beginning with the publication of Maggie: A Girl of the Streets in , Crane was recognized by critics mainly as a novelist. Maggie was initially rejected by publishers because of its atypical and true-to-life depictions of class warfare, which clashed with sentimental tales of that time.
Rather than focusing on the rich or middle class, the novel's characters are lower-class denizens of New York's Bowery.
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Although the novel's plot is simple, its dramatic mood, quick pace and portrayal of Bowery life have made it memorable. Maggie is not merely an account of slum life, but also represents eternal symbols. In his first draft, Crane did not give his characters proper names. Instead, they were identified by epithets: Maggie, for example, was the girl who "blossomed in a mud-puddle" and Pete, her seducer, was a "knight".
Critics would later call the novel "the first dark flower of American Naturalism" for its distinctive elements of naturalistic fiction. Written thirty years after the end of the Civil War and before Crane had any experience of battle, The Red Badge of Courage was innovative stylistically as well as psychologically.
Often described as a war novel , it focuses less on battle and more on the main character's psyche and his reactions in war. The Red Badge of Courage is notable in its vivid descriptions and well-cadenced prose, both of which create suspense within the story. The title of the work is ironic; Henry wishes "that he, too, had a wound, a red badge of courage".
The wound he does receive from the rifle butt of a fleeing Union soldier is instead a badge of shame. The novel expresses a strong connection between humankind and nature, a frequent and prominent concern in Crane's fiction and poetry. Whereas contemporary writers Ralph Waldo Emerson , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Henry David Thoreau focused on a sympathetic bond on the two elements, Crane wrote from the perspective that human consciousness distanced humans from nature.
In The Red Badge of Courage , this distance is paired with references to animals, and men with animalistic characteristics: people "howl", "squawk", "growl", or "snarl". Since the resurgence of Crane's popularity in the s, The Red Badge of Courage has been deemed a major American text. In the introduction, Hemingway wrote that the novel "is one of the finest books of our literature, and I include it entire because it is all as much of a piece as a great poem is.
Crane's later novels have not received as much critical praise. George's Mother is less allegorical and more personal than his two previous novels, and it focuses on the conflict between a church-going, temperance-adhering woman thought to be based on Crane's mother and her single remaining offspring, who is a naive dreamer.
The Third Violet , a romance that he wrote quickly after publishing The Red Badge of Courage , is typically considered as Crane's attempt to appeal to popular audiences. Although noted for its satirical take on the melodramatic and highly passionate works that were popular of the nineteenth century, the novel was not successful.
It is generally accepted by critics that Crane's work suffered at this point due to the speed at which he wrote. Crane wrote many different types of fictional pieces while indiscriminately applying to them terms such as "story", "tale" and "sketch". For this reason, critics have found clear-cut classification of Crane's work problematic.
In an interview with Herbert P. Williams, a reporter for the Boston Herald , Crane said that he did "not find that short stories are utterly different in character from other fiction. It seems to me that short stories are the easiest things we write. Crane's early fiction was based in camping expeditions in his teens; these stories eventually became known as The Sullivan County Tales and Sketches.
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The subject matter for his stories varied extensively. His early New York City sketches and Bowery tales accurately described the results of industrialization, immigration and the growth of cities and their slums. Realizing the limitations of these tales, Crane wrote: "I have invented the sum of my invention with regard to war and this story keeps me in internal despair.
The Open Boat and Other Stories contains seventeen short stories that deal with three periods in Crane's life: his Asbury Park boyhood, his trip to the West and Mexico in , and his Cuban adventure in His collection The Monster and Other Stories was similarly well received. Two posthumously published collections were not as successful. In August The Whilomville Stories were published, a collection of thirteen stories that Crane wrote during the last year of his life.
The work deals almost exclusively with boyhood, and the stories are drawn from events occurring in Port Jervis, where Crane lived from the age of six to eleven. Wounds in the Rain , published in September , [ ] contains fictional tales based on Crane's reports for the World and the Journal during the Spanish—American War.
Perkins" and are dramatic, ironic and sometimes humorous. Wells considered "The Open Boat" to be "beyond all question, the crown of all his work", and it is one of the most frequently discussed of Crane's works. Many red devils ran from my heart And out upon the page. They were so tiny The pen could mash them.
And many struggled in the ink. It was strange To write in this red muck Of things from my heart. Crane's poems, which he preferred to call "lines", are typically not given as much scholarly attention as his fiction; no anthology contained Crane's verse until They are typically short in length; although several poems, such as "Do not weep, maiden, for war is kind", use stanzas and refrains, most do not.
Critic Ruth Miller claimed that Crane wrote "an intellectual poetry rather than a poetry that evokes feeling, a poetry that stimulates the mind rather than arouses the heart". There is also a dramatic interplay in which there is frequently a major voice reporting an incident seen or experienced. The second voice or additional voices represent a point of view which is revealed to be inferior; when these clash, a dominant attitude emerges.
In four years, Crane published five novels, two volumes of poetry, three short story collections, two books of war stories, and numerous works of short fiction and reporting. The novel has been adapted several times for the screen, including John Huston 's version. His eccentric lifestyle, frequent newspaper reporting, association with other famous authors, and expatriate status made him somewhat of an international celebrity.
By the early s, Crane and his work were nearly forgotten. It was not until Thomas Beer published his biography in , which was followed by editor Wilson Follett 's The Work of Stephen Crane — , that Crane's writing came to the attention of a scholarly audience. Wells and Ford Madox Ford , all of whom either published recollections or commented upon their time with Crane.
John Berryman 's biography of Crane further established him as an important American author. Since there has been a steady outpouring of articles, monographs and reprints in Crane scholarship.
Stephen crane life: Stephen Crane () was born in educated at Lafayette College and Syracuse freelance reporter, writing articles about as a reporter, Crane, himself, was a poor man worst slum. This firsthand experience of for his first novel, Maggie, a Girl of the prostitute who commits suicide.
Today, Crane is considered one of the most innovative writers of the s. Badenweiler and the house where he died became a tourist attraction; Alexander Woollcott attested to the fact that, long after Crane's death, tourists would be directed to the room where he died. The Crane Collection is one of the largest in the nation of his materials.
Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item. American novelist, short story writer, poet, and journalist. For other people named Stephen Crane, see Stephen Crane disambiguation. Formal portrait of Stephen Crane, about March Biography [ edit ].
Early years [ edit ]. His Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage realistically depicts the psychological complexities of battlefield emotion and has become a literary classic. He is also known for authoring Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. Raised by his older sister Agnes, the young Crane attended preparatory school at Claverack College.
He later spent less than two years overall as a college student at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, and then at Syracuse University in upstate New York. He then moved to Paterson, New Jersey with one of his brothers and made frequent trips to nearby New York City, writing short pieces on what he experienced there. Crane truly embarked upon a literary career in the early s when he moved to New York and began freelancing as a writer, coming to work for the New York Tribune.
Living a bohemian lifestyle among local artists, Crane gained firsthand familiarity with poverty and street life, focusing his writing efforts on New York's downtrodden tenement districts, particularly the Bowery. A once-thriving area in the southern part of Manhattan, the post-Civil War era saw the Bowery's busy shops and hulking mansions replaced by saloons, dance halls and brothels.
Crane immersed himself into this world.
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While Crane most likely had completed an early draft of his first book, the novella Maggie: A Girl of the Streets , while studying at Syracuse, it wasn't until after moving to New York that he rewrote and finalized the piece—its pages fortified with details that he picked up in the Bowery. Barr after Crane's death. Crane also gained recognition as a poet with collections such as "The Black Riders and Other Lines" , influenced by E.
Dickinson's poetry and centered around the motif of a wandering poet. He was also known for his mastery of psychological short stories in collections like "The Little Regiment" , "The Monster and Other Stories" , and "Whilomville Stories" His experiences as a reporter were artistically portrayed in the novellas of "The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure" and "Wounds in the Rain" In , Crane embarked on a trip to the western states and Mexico, which inspired a series of sketches for newspapers.
In late , Crane traveled to Cuba, but the ship he was on sank, and he miraculously reached the shore. This experience later served as the basis for his renowned story "The Open Boat. James, J. Conrad, and H. However, his final years were plagued by tuberculosis and debt, forcing him to work relentlessly.