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Gandhi became the international symbol of a free India. He lived a spiritual and ascetic life of prayer, fasting, and meditation. His union with his wife became, as he himself stated, that of a brother and sister. Refusing earthly possessions, he wore the loincloth and shawl of the lowliest Indian and subsisted on vegetables, fruit juices, and goat's milk.
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Indians revered him as a saint and began to call him Mahatma great-souled , a title reserved for the greatest sages. Gandhi's advocacy of nonviolence, known as ahimsa non-violence , was the expression of a way of life implicit in the Hindu religion. By the Indian practice of nonviolence, Gandhi held, Great Britain too would eventually consider violence useless and would leave India.
The Mahatma's political and spiritual hold on India was so great that the British authorities dared not interfere with him. In the Indian National Congress , the group that spearheaded the movement for nationhood, gave Gandhi complete executive authority, with the right of naming his own successor. The Indian population, however, could not fully comprehend the unworldly ahimsa.
A series of armed revolts against the British broke out, culminating in such violence that Gandhi confessed the failure of the civil-disobedience campaign he had called, and ended it.
The British government again seized and imprisoned him in After his release from prison in , Gandhi withdrew from active politics and devoted himself to propagating communal unity. Unavoidably, however, he was again drawn into the vortex of the struggle for independence. In the Mahatma proclaimed a new campaign of civil disobedience, calling upon the Indian population to refuse to pay taxes, particularly the tax on salt.
The campaign was a march to the sea, in which thousands of Indians followed Gandhi from Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea , where they made salt by evaporating sea water.
Biography of mahatma gandhi hindi: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[c] (2 October – 30 January ) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. He inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
Once more the Indian leader was arrested, but he was released in , halting the campaign after the British made concessions to his demands. O'key, circa In , Gandhi began new civil-disobedience campaigns against the British. He was unsatisfied with his education, convinced his parents and managed to go to London to study Law. Before leaving for London, he promised his family that he would not touch non-vegetarian food, women, and wine.
People in the society introduced him to the Bhagavad Gita. The Bhagavad Gita influenced him deeply. In May , he left for South Africa to establish his law practice. He had a terrible experience of racial discrimination in South Africa.
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Despite holding a 1st class train ticket, he was not allowed to travel in the 1st class as the compartment was reserved only for white people. In those days, Indians and blacks were prohibited from entering or travelling first class. It was an eye-opening and humiliating experience for Mohandas. He later realised that it was a common occurrence, and Indians were treated in a derogatory manner there.
He strived hard to improve the rights and conditions of Indians in South Africa. Soon he became a leader of the Indian community there. Tirukkural is ancient Indian literature scripted initially in Tamil and later translated into different languages. The ancient wisdom in the book influenced Mohandas.
The idea of satyagraha appealed to him, and in he arranged a non-violent protest in South Africa against the injustice and discrimination suffered by the Indians and the Africans. After spending 21 years of his life in South Africa, he returned to India in He was a changed man. Years of fighting the system for the civil rights of his people, achieving some, and being refused much had given him new wisdom and confidence.
After returning to India permanently, he joined the Indian National Congress. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was his mentor at that time. The Indigo cultivators in Champaran were suffering owing to the Tinkathia system. They were forced to sell the produce at a minimal amount and incur losses. In , after British authorities made some concessions, Gandhi again called off the resistance movement and agreed to represent the Congress Party at the Round Table Conference in London.
In , Gandhi announced his retirement from politics in, as well as his resignation from the Congress Party, in order to concentrate his efforts on working within rural communities. Drawn back into the political fray by the outbreak of World War II , Gandhi again took control of the INC, demanding a British withdrawal from India in return for Indian cooperation with the war effort.
Instead, British forces imprisoned the entire Congress leadership, bringing Anglo-Indian relations to a new low point.
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Later that year, Britain granted India its independence but split the country into two dominions: India and Pakistan. Gandhi strongly opposed Partition, but he agreed to it in hopes that after independence Hindus and Muslims could achieve peace internally. Amid the massive riots that followed Partition, Gandhi urged Hindus and Muslims to live peacefully together, and undertook a hunger strike until riots in Calcutta ceased.
In January , Gandhi carried out yet another fast, this time to bring about peace in the city of Delhi. You can opt out at any time. This period was transformative for Gandhi, as he began to embrace values aligned with Jainism and Hinduism, including non-violence and simplicity. Returning to India in after his studies, he faced challenges as a lawyer, including a humiliating experience in court that accelerated his journey toward civil rights advocacy.
This foundational stage in Gandhi's life ignited his passion for justice, which would later define his leadership in India's non-violent independence movement against British rule. Gandhi's notable career began in South Africa, where he first encountered the harsh realities of racial discrimination. After arriving in Durban in to fulfill a legal contract, Gandhi was shocked by the unsettling treatment of Indian immigrants by the white authorities.
His pivotal moment occurred during a train journey when he was forcibly removed from a first-class compartment simply for being Indian, despite holding a valid ticket.
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This incident ignited a fire within him, leading Gandhi to dedicate himself to combating discrimination and the deep-seated prejudice against Indians in South Africa through peaceful means. In response to the injustices he witnessed, Gandhi established the Natal Indian Congress in , aiming to address and alleviate the suffering of his fellow Indian citizens.
His approach combined the principles of nonviolence and passive resistance, emphasizing moral courage over physical aggression. Through these efforts, Gandhi not only fought for civil rights but also fostered a sense of unity among the Indian community, laying the groundwork for his later role as a leader in India's fight for freedom.
Mahatma Gandhi, known for his leadership in India's non-violent struggle for independence against British rule, made significant contributions to civil rights both in India and South Africa. His journey began when he encountered racial discrimination in South Africa, prompting him to develop the philosophy of Satyagraha, or "truth and firmness.
Gandhi organized various campaigns, including the Natal Indian Congress, to address the injustices faced by Indians in South Africa. His experiences there laid the groundwork for his future leadership in India, where he galvanized mass movements against British policies. In India, Gandhi's strategy of civil disobedience gained momentum through numerous campaigns, including the Salt March in , which protested against the British monopoly on salt and tax policies.