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He simplified his vegetarianism to unspiced, usually uncooked foods—mostly fruits and nuts, which he believed would help quiet his urges. Gandhi believed that his vow of brahmacharya allowed him the focus to devise the concept of satyagraha in late In the simplest sense, satyagraha is passive resistance, but Gandhi described it as "truth force," or natural right.
He believed exploitation was possible only if the exploited and the exploiter accepted it, so seeing beyond the current situation provided power to change it. In practice, satyagraha is nonviolent resistance to injustice.
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There would be no winners or losers; all would understand the "truth" and agree to rescind the unjust law. It required all Indians to be fingerprinted and carry registration documents at all times. Indians refused fingerprinting and picketed documentation offices. Protests were organized, miners went on strike, and Indians illegally traveled from Natal to the Transvaal in opposition to the act.
Many protesters, including Gandhi, were beaten and arrested. After seven years of protest, the Black Act was repealed. The nonviolent protest had succeeded. After 20 years in South Africa, Gandhi returned to India.
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By the time he arrived, press reports of his South African triumphs had made him a national hero. He traveled the country for a year before beginning reforms. Gandhi found that his fame conflicted with observing conditions of the poor, so he wore a loincloth dhoti and sandals, the garb of the masses, during this journey.
In cold weather, he added a shawl. This became his lifetime wardrobe. Gandhi founded another communal settlement in Ahmadabad called Sabarmati Ashram. For the next 16 years, Gandhi lived there with his family. He was also given the honorary title of Mahatma, or "Great Soul. Peasants viewed Gandhi as a holy man, but he disliked the title because it implied he was special.
He viewed himself as ordinary. After the year ended, Gandhi still felt stifled because of World War I. As part of satyagraha , Gandhi had vowed never to take advantage of an opponent's troubles. With the British in a major conflict, Gandhi couldn't fight them for Indian freedom. Instead, he used satyagraha to erase inequities among Indians.
Gandhi persuaded landlords to stop forcing tenant farmers to pay increased rent by appealing to their morals and fasted to convince mill owners to settle a strike. Because of Gandhi's prestige, people didn't want to be responsible for his death from fasting. When the war ended, Gandhi focused on the fight for Indian self-rule swaraj.
In , the British handed Gandhi a cause: the Rowlatt Act, which gave the British nearly free rein to detain "revolutionary" elements without trial. Gandhi organized a hartal strike , which began on March 30, Unfortunately, the protest turned violent. Gandhi ended the hartal once he heard about the violence, but more than Indians had died and more than 1, were injured from British reprisals in the city of Amritsar.
Satyagraha hadn't been achieved, but the Amritsar Massacre fueled Indian opinions against the British. The violence showed Gandhi that the Indian people didn't fully believe in satyagraha. He spent much of the s advocating for it and struggling to keep protests peaceful. Gandhi also began advocating self-reliance as a path to freedom.
Since the British established India as a colony, Indians had supplied Britain with raw fiber and then imported the resulting cloth from England. Gandhi advocated that Indians spin their own cloth, popularizing the idea by traveling with a spinning wheel, often spinning yarn while giving a speech. The image of the spinning wheel charkha became a symbol for independence.
In March , Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years in prison for sedition. After two years, he was released following surgery to find his country embroiled in violence between Muslims and Hindus. When Gandhi began a day fast still ill from surgery, many thought he would die, but he rallied. After returning from London, he relaunched the civil disobedience movement but by it had lost its momentum.
Read More: Gandhi Irwin Pact. It was introduced following the Round Table Conference — and expanded the separate electorate to depressed Classes and other minorities. It is also known as the MacDonald Award.
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The main purpose of the communal award was to maintain a separate electorate for Muslims, Sikhs and Europeans. Poona Pact , : It was the pact reached between B. R Ambedkar and Gandhiji concerning the communal awards provided for the depressed class but, in the end for the upliftment of the marginalized communities of the Indian society both came on the same understandings.
Quit India Movement : The outbreak of World War II in and the last and crucial phase of the national struggle in India came together with the failure of the Cripps Mission in which gave the immediate reason for the launch of the Quit India movement. Gandhiji demanded British leave India with immediate effect. He called for a mass movement that was followed by non-violence.
Biography of mahatma gandhi hindi: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[c] (2 October – 30 January ) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. He inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
Most of the major leaders of Congress including Mahatma Gandhi were arrested. Mahatma Gandhi developed a set of religious and social ideas initially during his period in South Africa from to and later during the freedom struggle movement in India. Major Gandhian ideologies are as follows. Nonviolence is an active love, that is, the polar opposite of violence, in every sense.
Nonviolence or love can be considered the highest law of humankind. Satyagraha It is a method of getting our rights through nonviolent action, that is, through self-suffering and penance instead of inflicting injury on others. It refers to the exercise or practice of the purest soul force against all injustice, oppression, and exploitation.
The origin of Satyagraha can be seen in the Upanishads, and also in the teachings of Buddha, Mahavira, and other greats including Tolstoy and Ruskin. January 30th commemorates the 76th death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, the revered father of the nation, assassinated by Nathuram Godse in Gandhiji launched a campaign of civil disobedience in South Africa while advocating for Indian rights.
Gandhiji returned back to India from South Africa in , and became actively involved in the Indian nationalist movement. Gandhiji founded the Harijan Sevak Sangh in to promote social equality and uplift the marginalised. Skip to content. Exams Logical Reasoning Aptitude. Open In App. Last Updated : 05 Jan, Suggest changes. Like Article.
More info. Article Tags :. Through his writings, speeches, and historical accounts of his actions, Mahatma Gandhi inspired countless individuals to re-examine their l. He played a crucial role in the socio-religious and cultural reforms of 19th-century India. Birsa Munda Biography: Birsa Munda, born in the late 19th century on 15th November in Ulihatu, Ranchi, played an important role in the history of tribal resistance against British rule in India.
He belonged to the Munda tribal community, and he was a folk rebellion, tribal freedom fighter, reli. The chapter outlines the events that led to the formation and dissolution of the non-cooperation movement aga. He is famous for his courage and refusal to surrender, making him a symbol of resistance and pride for many.
Maharana Pratap was a Hindu Rajput king who ruled the Mewar region for 35 years. He was the 1. Motilal Nehru biography: History, Death, Religion.
Motilal Nehru 6 May —6 February was an Indian lawyer, activist, barista, and politician affiliated with the Indian National Congress. He served as the Congress President twice, from to and from to The Champaran Satyagraha, which is dated , was the first satyagraha movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in the British period and is considered to be an important form of rebellion in the Indian Independence Movement.
It was a farmer's uprising that took place in the Champaran district of Bihar. Srinivasa Ramanujan: Srinivasa Ramanujan — was an Indian mathematician known for his brilliant, self-taught contributions to number theory and mathematical analysis. His work, including discoveries in infinite series and modular forms, has had a lasting impact on mathematics.
In this artic. What was the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Champaran Movement? Champaran was a district in the Indian state of Bihar, which is now divided into two districts: East Champaran and West Champaran. The first Satyagraha movement inspired by Mahatma Gandhi occurred in Champaran in The Champaran Satyagraha was the first to begin, but the term Satyagraha was orig.
Biography of Savitribai Phule: Personal Life, Education, and Career: The first feminist in India, born on January 3, , was raised in a nation under British Raj control with no mention of women's rights. She accomplished the historic feat of founding the first school for females, as we know, work. Rani Lakshmi Bai, born on 19 November in India, was a brave queen and leader during a time of conflict.
Unlike many girls of her time, Rani Lakshmibai learned to fight and ride horses while growing up. Rani lakshmi bai became queen when she married the ruler of Jhansi, but sadly, they had no ch. Class 12 History Notes Chapter 11 Knowing Gandhi looks into Mahatma Gandhi's multidimensional behaviour, one of the most memorable personalities in Indian history.
This chapter, titled "Knowing Gandhi," explores Gandhi's biography, philosophy, and contributions to India's war for freedom. On a train voyage to Pretoria, he was thrown out of a first-class railway compartment and beaten up by a white stagecoach driver after refusing to give up his seat for a European passenger.
In , after the Transvaal government passed an ordinance regarding the registration of its Indian population, Gandhi led a campaign of civil disobedience that would last for the next eight years. During its final phase in , hundreds of Indians living in South Africa, including women, went to jail, and thousands of striking Indian miners were imprisoned, flogged and even shot.
Finally, under pressure from the British and Indian governments, the government of South Africa accepted a compromise negotiated by Gandhi and General Jan Christian Smuts, which included important concessions such as the recognition of Indian marriages and the abolition of the existing poll tax for Indians.
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He supported the British war effort in World War I but remained critical of colonial authorities for measures he felt were unjust. He backed off after violence broke out—including the massacre by British-led soldiers of some Indians attending a meeting at Amritsar—but only temporarily, and by he was the most visible figure in the movement for Indian independence.
The iconic Indian activist, known for his principle of nonviolent resistance, had humble beginnings and left an outsized legacy. As part of his nonviolent non-cooperation campaign for home rule, Gandhi stressed the importance of economic independence for India. He particularly advocated the manufacture of khaddar, or homespun cloth, in order to replace imported textiles from Britain.