Sun yat-sen spouse
Both sailed for China, arriving there on 21 December On 29 December , a meeting of representatives from provinces in Nanjing elected Sun as the provisional president.
Sun zhongshan biography wikipedia
A new provisional government for the Republic of China was created, along with a provisional constitution. Sun is credited for funding the revolutions and for keeping revolutionary spirit alive, even after a series of false starts. His successful merger of smaller revolutionary groups into a single coherent party provided a better base for those who shared revolutionary ideals.
Under Sun's provisional government, several innovations were introduced, such as the aforementioned calendar system, and fashionable Zhongshan suits. Yuan Shikai , who was in control of the Beiyang Army , had been promised the position of president of the Republic of China if he could get the Qing court to abdicate. Its control over elements of the new army that had mutinied was limited, and significant forces still had not declared against the Qing.
Sun Yat-sen sent telegrams to the leaders of all provinces to request them to elect and to establish the National Assembly of the Republic of China in The Tongmenghui member Song Jiaoren quickly tried to control the assembly. He mobilized the old Tongmenghui at the core with the mergers of a number of new small parties to form a new political party, the Kuomintang Chinese Nationalist Party, commonly abbreviated as "KMT" on 25 August at Huguang Guild Hall , Beijing.
In August , Sun fled to Japan, where he later enlisted financial aid by the politician and industrialist Fusanosuke Kuhara. In , Sun wrote to the Second International , a socialist -based organization in Paris , and asked it to send a team of specialists to help China set up the world's first socialist republic.
Roy as a guest. China had become divided among regional military leaders. Sun saw the danger and returned to China in to advocate Chinese reunification. In , he started a self-proclaimed military government in Guangzhou and was elected Grand Marshal. Sun was now convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south, followed by a period of political tutelage [ zh ] , which would culminate in the transition to democracy.
Sun received assistance from Soviet advisor Mikhail Borodin , whom Sun described as his " Lafayette ". With the Soviets' help, Sun was able to develop the military power needed for the Northern Expedition against the military at the north. This full collaboration was called the First United Front. In Sun appointed his brother-in-law T.
Soong to set up the first Chinese central bank, the Canton Central Bank. In February , Sun made a presentation to the Students' Union in Hong Kong University and declared that the corruption of China and the peace, order, and good government of Hong Kong had turned him into a revolutionary. Part of the speech was made into the National Anthem of the Republic of China.
On 10 November , Sun traveled north to Tianjin and delivered a speech to suggest a gathering for a "national conference" for the Chinese people. He called for the end of warlord rules and the abolition of all unequal treaties with the Western powers.
Among the people whom he met was the Muslim warlord General Ma Fuxiang , who informed Sun that he would welcome Sun's leadership. For many years, it was popularly believed that Sun died of liver cancer. It was performed by the head of the Department of Surgery, Adrian S. Taylor, who stated that the procedure "revealed extensive involvement of the liver by carcinoma " and that Sun had only about ten days to live.
Sun was hospitalized, and his condition was treated with radium. That was also unsuccessful, and he died on 12 March, at the age of His body then was preserved in mineral oil [ ] and taken to the Temple of Azure Clouds , a Buddhist shrine in the Western Hills a few miles outside Beijing. In , construction began on a majestic mausoleum at the foot of Purple Mountain in Nanjing, which was completed in the spring of By pure chance, in May , an American pathologist, Rolf F.
Barth, was visiting the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Guangzhou when he noticed a faded copy of the original autopsy report on display. Based on a tissue sample , Cash concluded that the cause of death was an adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder that had metastasized to the liver. In modern China, liver cancer is far more common than gallbladder cancer.
Although the incidence rates for either one in are not known, if one assumes that they were similar at the time, the original diagnosis by Taylor was a reasonable conclusion. From the time of Sun's death to the appearance of Barth's report [ ] in the Chinese Journal of Cancer in September , Sun's true cause of death was not reported in any English-language publication.
Sun zhongshan biography
Even in Chinese-language sources, it appeared in only one non-medical online report in At stake in the struggle was the right to lay claim to Sun's ambiguous legacy. In , Chiang married Soong Mei-ling , a sister of Sun's widow Soong Ching-ling , and he could now claim to be a brother-in-law of Sun. When the Communists and the Kuomintang split in , which marked the start of the Chinese Civil War , each group claimed to be his true heirs, and the conflict that continued until World War II.
Sun's widow, Soong Ching-ling , sided with the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and was critical of Chiang's regime since the Shanghai massacre in She served from to as vice-president or vice-chairwoman of the People's Republic of China and as honorary president shortly before her death in The cult was created after Sun Yat-sen died.
Chinese Muslim generals and imams participated in the personality cult and the one-party state , with Muslim General Ma Bufang making people bow to Sun's portrait and listen to the national anthem during a Tibetan and Mongol religious ceremony for the Qinghai Lake god. The Kuomintang's constitution designated Sun as the party president.
After his death, the Kuomintang opted to keep that language in its constitution to honor his memory forever. The party has since been headed by a director-general — and a chairman since , who discharge the functions of the president. Though he took a stance against idolatry in life, Sun sometimes became worshiped as a god among people. Sun is already worshipped in the syncretic Vietnamese religion of Caodaism.
Sun Yat-sen remains unique among 20th-century Chinese leaders for having a high reputation in both Mainland China and Taiwan. In recent years, the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party has increasingly invoked Sun, partly as a way of bolstering Chinese nationalism in light of the Chinese economic reform and partly to increase connections with supporters of the Kuomintang on Taiwan, which the People's Republic of China sees as allies against Taiwan independence.
Sun's tomb was one of the first stops made by the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the People First Party on their pan-blue visit to mainland China in In , Mao Zedong said, "Let us pay tribute to our great revolutionary forerunner, Dr. Sun Yat-sen! Xi Jinping incorporates Sun's legacy into his discourse on national rejuvenation. Sun's Three Principles of the People has been reinterpreted by the Chinese Communist Party to argue that communism is a necessary conclusion of them and thus provide legitimacy for the government.
She again voiced her displeasure in in a private letter to Jiang about the distortion of history. According to Ming Pao , she did not take the money because then she would not "have the freedom to properly communicate the Revolution. The emblem of the KMT had been removed from the top of his sacrificial hall at the time of her visit but was later restored.
However, after , as a result of the Chiang regime's arrival in Taiwan, his "father of the nation" designation continued only in Taiwan. Sun visited Taiwan briefly on only three occasions in , , and or four by counting , when his boat had stopped in Keelung Harbor, but he did not disembark.
Sun zhongshan history
Instead, Sun was a foreigner from mainland China. As a lifelong Christian who never left Christianity, Sun Yat-sen was a loyal follower of Western modernity and Christianity [ ] and saw it as the best way to develop the Chinese nation. He went on foreign trips to gather support and resources of Western and Christian nations. Sun Yat-sen spent years in Hawaii as a student in the late s and early s and was highly impressed with the economic development that he saw there.
He used the Kingdom of Hawaii as a model to develop his vision of a technologically modern, politically independent, actively anti-imperialist China. He focused on China, with its vast potential and weak base of mostly local entrepreneurs. He also proposed, "If we use existing foreign capital to build up a future communist society in China, half the work will bring double the results.
Sun promoted the ideas of the economist Henry George and was influenced by Georgist ideas on land ownership and a land value tax. Sun supported natalism and had eugenic ideals. Sun was a proponent of Pan-Asianism. He said that Asia was the "cradle of the world's oldest civilisation" and that "even the ancient civilisations of the West, of Greece and Rome, had their origins on Asiatic soil.
According to Hosaka Masayasu [ ja ] , one of the reasons why figures like Miyazaki Toten , Yamada Yoshimasa [ ja ] , and Yamada Junzaburo [ ja ] supported Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary movement was because the ideals of the Meiji Restoration or the Freedom and People's Rights Movement could not be realized in Japan, and they sought to compensate for that failure.
For him, Japan's Twenty-One Demands on China represented a betrayal of the "revolutionary aspirations" of the Meiji patriots and advanced Japan's policy of aggression against China. During his lifetime, Sun Yat-sen had a wide range of relationships with Japanese people. He also became friends with Minakata Kumagusu , and their friendship deepened after they met while Sun was in exile in London.
Sun was chosen in recognition of his unflagging work raising funds and sponsoring uprisings over the previous decade.
Sun zhongshan china: Sun Yat-sen (/ ˈsʊnˈjɑːtˈsɛn /; [ 1 ] traditional Chinese: 孫逸仙; simplified Chinese: 孙逸仙; pinyin: Sūn Yìxiān; 12 November – 12 March ) [ a ] was a Chinese physician, revolutionary, statesman, and political philosopher who founded the Republic of China (ROC) and its first political party, the Kuomintang (KMT).
However, the northern warlord Yuan Shi-kai had been promised the presidency if he could pressure Puyi into formally abdicating the throne. Puyi abdicated on February 12, , so on March 10, Sun Yat-sen stepped aside and Yuan Shi-kai became the next provisional president. It soon became clear that Yuan hoped to establish a new imperial dynasty, rather than a modern republic.
Sun began to rally his own supporters, calling them to a legislative assembly in Beijing in May of The assembly was evenly divided between supporters of Sun Yat-sen and Yuan Shi-kai. Yuan's 80, troops prevailed, however, and Sun Yat-sen once more had to flee to Japan in exile. In , Yuan Shi-kai briefly realized his ambitions when he proclaimed himself the Emperor of China r.
His proclamation as emperor sparked a violent backlash from other warlords—such as Bai Lang—as well as a political reaction from the KMT. In the chaos that followed, the opposition at one point declared both Sun Yat-sen and Xu Shi-chang as the President of the Republic of China. In the midst of the chaos, Sun Yat-sen married his third wife, Soong Ching-ling m.
Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin praised Sun for his work and sent advisers to help establish a military academy. Sun appointed a young officer named Chiang Kai-shek as the commandant of the new National Revolutionary Army and its training academy. The Whampoa Academy officially opened on May 1, Although Chiang Kai-shek was skeptical about the alliance with the communists, he went along with his mentor Sun Yat-sen's plans.
With Soviet aid, they trained an army of ,, which would march through northern China in a three-pronged attack, aimed at wiping out the warlords Sun Chuan-fang in the northeast, Wu Pei-fu in the Central Plains, and Zhang Zuo-lin in Manchuria. This massive military campaign would take place between and , but would simply realign power among the warlords rather than consolidating power behind the Nationalist government.
The longest-lasting effect was probably the enhancement of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's reputation—but Sun Yat-sen would not live to see it. He was just 58 years old. Although he was a baptized Christian, he was first buried at a Buddhist shrine near Beijing called the Temple of Azure Clouds. When the usurper Yuan Shikai who had proclaimed himself emperor in , died, Sun Wen could return to China.
Because of factional strifes he could not but found his own military government in his home province of Guangdong. But Sun had to leave Guangzhou once more when the militaries did not support the Kuomintang. In his exile in Shanghai Sun wrote down his political theories and tried to reorganize his party that obviously lacked political attactivity.
He announced a northern expedition make an end of the warlord rulers in northern China, but again he had to flee to Shanghai, accompanied by Chiang Kai-shek , one of his military caders. In Sun published his manifesto that described the Three People's Principles. Because Sun had lost his confidence in the support of the Western powers he sought material and organisatory support by Soviet and Comintern advisors.
He concluded an arrangement with the Communist Party that had been founded in to collaborate for the unification of a reformable China.
Sun zhongshan biography wife
He was baptised by a reverand, and became a Christian there in when he was People think that his Cantonese name derived from this name. Then he enrolled in a Christian academy in Hong Kong in where he studied English. Then he studied medicine in Hong Kong and was certified as one of the first two medical doctors to graduate from his medical school in Hong Kong.
Though he was a doctor, political, social and religious change was the main goal of his life. Some of this work was accomplished on Hong Kong where he studied and lived during his twenties. From to , he and his intellectual friends in Hong Kong started to lead government reform activities. He set up a medical clinic in Macau.
In , he attempted to change the government by visiting a Qing official and writing a long petition. When this attempt failed, he started organizing a reform movement. He helped organize an anti-Qing revolt in Guangdong in They failed, and he was known as a nemesis by the Qing government. He had to flee and go into exile.
He started traveling around the world to organize people and collect funding. He first lived in Japan where he received much sympathy and support from both Japanese and Chinese living in Japan. In , he was held captive by Qing agents in London in a highly publicized incident.